Report Options This report presents the following MMPI-2 scales:. Validity and Clinical Scales — profiled. Non-K-corrected Validity and Clinical Scales — profiled (optional).
Clinical Subscales (Harris-Lingoes and Social Introversion subscales) — scale scores reported only. Content Scales — profiled. Content Component Scales — scale scores reported only.
Supplementary Scales (includes the PSY-5 Scales) — profiled Critical items and omitted items are also provided. The Basic Service Report was discontinued in 2010.
Provides a comprehensive psychological picture of a client. This report presents the following MMPI-2 scales:. Validity and Clinical Scales profiled and interpreted. Content Scales profiled and interpreted.
Supplementary Scales profiled with alcohol/drug scales interpreted. PSY-5 Scales profiled and interpreted. Superlative Self-Presentation Scale reported only. Clinical Subscales (Harris-Lingoes and Social Introversion Subscales) reported only.
Content Component Scales reported only Lists of critical items and omitted items are also provided. In addition, the report provides an objective narrative assessment of your client's responses and compares the profile data to data from setting-specific research samples. The settings that are considered in the interpretation are:. Outpatient Mental Health. Inpatient Mental Health.
General Medical. Chronic Pain. Correctional. College Counseling. Alcohol & Drug Treatment The narrative report contains the following sections: Profile Validity, Symptomatic Patterns, Profile Frequency, Profile Stability, Interpersonal Relations, Diagnostic Considerations, and Treatment Considerations. This report presents the following MMPI-2 scales:.
Validity and Clinical Scales profiled and interpreted. Content Scales profiled and interpreted. Supplementary Scales profiled with alcohol/drug scales interpreted. PSY-5 Scales profiled and interpreted.
Superlative Self-Presentation Scale reported only. Clinical Subscales (Harris-Lingoes and Social Introversion Subscales) reported only.
Content Component Scales reported only In addition, the report compares the profile data to data from occupation-specific research samples and provides occupation-specific mean profiles. The occupations that are considered in the interpretation are:. Nuclear Power Facility. Law Enforcement. Airline Pilots.
Medical and Psychology Students. Firefighters/Paramedics. Seminary Students. Other Note: Air Traffic Controller was discontinued in 2001. The narrative report contains the following sections: Profile Validity, Personal Adjustment, Interpersonal Relations, Profile Frequency, Contemporary Personnel Base Rate Information, Profile Stability, Possible Employment Problems, Content Themes, and Work Dysfunction Items. Demographic Default Value Years of Education 12 Marital Status Single, Never Married (Adult Clinical System Report) Clinical Setting Outpatient Mental Health (Adult Clinical System Report) Occupation Other (Personnel System Reports) Addiction Potential Standard Level Addiction Potential (Personnel System Reports) Note: The Forensic Setting does not have a default value.
If Forensic Setting is not indicated, an invalid report will be generated. Test Date, Birth Date, ID Number, and Gender must be filled in. The software will not print any report without this information. Age is calculated from the Test Date and Birth Date. If the client is younger than 18, no report will be printed. My Extended Score Report is invalid, but it doesn't say that on the report.
The Minnesota Reports are designed to interpret only protocols that meet well-established validity criteria. Invalid protocols are dealt with in two ways: Extremely elevated and clearly invalid records are not interpreted but the record is provided along with graphs that are clearly marked INVALID. Protocols that are possibly invalid (e.g., overly defensive or exaggerated) are discussed in a section in the report called VALIDITY CONSIDERATIONS. The utility of the particular evaluation is described and estimated contingent upon the level of performance on all the validity scales. The cut-offs for different settings will vary depending upon the research available.
Norms. Are different norms used for the different settings?
There are different norms for the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A tests. The normative sample of the MMPI-2 instrument consists of 2,600 individuals, age 18 or older, who were selected as a representative sample of the US population.
The three Minnesota Reports for adults (Adult Clinical System, Forensic, and Personnel System) use the same normative sample. However, in some settings data on specific personnel applications are also provided. In all settings, specific frequency data aid in the interpretation of the report by providing an empirical perspective with which to compare profiles.
The MMPI-A norms that are used for adolescents were obtained on a national sample of adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age. There were 805 boys and 815 girls from 8 regions of the United States. Are there norms for different cultures for the MMPI-2 test?
Harkness and McNulty developed a model for assessing psychopathology based on the 'Big Five' model of personality. They selected items from the MMPI-2 item pool that matched their model and developed five scales: Aggressiveness (AGGR), Psychoticism (PSYC), Disconstraint (DISC), Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism (NEGE), and Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality (INTR). The Personality Psychopathology Five Scales (PSY-5) were introduced in 2001 and are available on the Extended Score Report, the Minnesota Reports, and in the hand-scoring Supplementary Scales materials. Additional information about the PSY-5 Scales can be found in the revised MMPI-2 Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation (2001) or the PSY-5 Test Report (University of Minnesota Press and Pearson). Why were the validity scales re-ordered? The Supplementary Scales Profile was revised by the addition of the MMPI-2 version of the Cook/Medley Hostility scale (Ho) and the deletion of the Schlenger Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder scale (PS) and the Social Introversion Subscales (Si). The PS scale is no longer offered.
The Si Subscales are available with the Harris-Lingoes Subscales but are not profiled. The Supplementary Scales were re-ordered to enhance interpretability: A, R, Es, Do, Re (scales representing or related to familiar normal-range personality constructs); Mt, PK, MDS (indicators of generalized emotional distress with a clinical emphasis); Ho, O-H, MAC-R, AAS, APS (indicators of behavioral dyscontrol, the last three focusing on substance abuse); and GM, GF (gender-role scales). Which MMPI-2 reports contain non-gendered norms? A complete set of non-gendered T scores for all MMPI-2 scales is provided in a test monograph by Yossef S. Ben-Porath and Johnathan D. Forbey titled 'Non-Gendered Norms for the MMPI-2,' published by the University of Minnesota Press (2003).
The monograph documents the rationale for, as well as the development and use of, non-gendered norms for the MMPI-2. Provisional non-gendered norms for a subset of the MMPI-2 scales were included in earlier versions of the Minnesota Reports. The non-gendered T scores reported in all current MMPI-2 products and in the monograph by Ben-Porath and Forbey (2003) differ minimally from the provisional non-gendered T scores because of slight changes in the composition of the non-gendered normative sample. Where can I find more information on the non-gendered norms? An optional profile of the Validity and Clinical Scales incorporating non-K-corrected T scores appears in the Extended Score Report. This profile may be printed in addition to the standard Validity and Clinical Scales Profile.
Although non-K-corrected T scores are available in the Extended Score Report only, Appendix A of the revised MMPI-2 Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation (product # 24027) provides both K- and non-K-corrected T scores, and a hand-scoring Validity and Clinical Scales Profile form for K- and non-K-corrected norms is available (product # 24006). If I don't want to use the non-gendered T scores, can they be suppressed? Recently published research indicates that the K correction does not enhance validity and that in some cases validity is actually attenuated by the K correction. Non-K-corrected T scores allow interpreters to examine the relative contributions of the clinical scale raw score and the K correction to K-corrected clinical scale T scores.
This information may be particularly helpful when the K score deviates substantially from the average T-score range (65). Because all other MMPI-2 scores that aid in the interpretation of the Clinical Scales (the Harris-Lingoes Subscales, Restructured Clinical Scales, Content and Content Component Scales, PSY-5 Scales, and Supplementary Scales) are not K-corrected, they can be compared most directly with non-K-corrected T scores. Important information about The Minnesota Report™: Adult Clinical System—Revised, 4th Edition (product code 51487). Arguably the gold standard interpretive report series for the MMPI-2 test, The Minnesota Report has proven to be an effective, efficient diagnostic and treatment planning tool for 20 years. Developed and updated on Q Local™ software, version 1.2 by noted MMPI-2 expert, James N. Butcher, PhD, the 4th edition of this premier MMPI-2 interpretive report series introduces the following:. Expanded narrative sections incorporating current research.
Updated User's Guide to help you put the reports to work. Newly added Alcohol and Drug Treatment setting Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales. Do the RC Scales replace the Clinical Scales? When differences occur, they are not “discrepancies” but, rather, represent a clarification provided by the RC Scales as a result, for example, of excluding from these scales non-specific Demoralization, K-correction, and “subtle item” variance. If a Clinical Scale is elevated and its RC Scale counterpart is not, the correlates associated with the former should not be emphasized in the interpretation (unless indicated by other MMPI-2 scale scores). If an RC Scale is elevated and its Clinical Scale counterpart is not, the correlates associated with the RC Scale should be incorporated in the interpretation.
What kind of documentation is available for the RC Scales? A test monograph by Tellegen, Ben-Porath, McNulty, Arbisi, Graham, & Kaemmer (2003), titled The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Development, Validation, and Interpretation, includes: an introduction providing the rationale for creating the RC Scales, information about how the scales were developed, detailed psychometric information on the reliability and validity of the RC Scales, recommendations for interpreting the RC Scales, case examples illustrating RC Scale interpretation, and a discussion of future directions in RC Scale research and application. This document also includes detailed appendixes specifying the item composition of the scales and raw-to-uniform T-score conversion tables. (Available from Pearson, Product # 29433.) See also the MM PI-2-RF Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation for an extensive discussion of the scales. Numerous publications on the RC Scales have appeared in the journal and book literature, including the text by Yossef S.
Ben-Porath, Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF (2012), available from the University of Minnesota Press. What is the research base for the RC Scales? The development of the scales is documented in the first chapter of a test monograph by Tellegen, Ben-Porath, McNulty, Arbisi, Graham, & Kaemmer (2003), titled The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Development, Validation, and Interpretation, available from Pearson (Product # 29433), and in the text by Yossef S. Ben-Porath, Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF (2012), available from the University of Minnesota Press.
Mmpi-2 Interpretation Manual
The author of the scales, Auke Tellegen, first isolated the general distress or “demoralization” component of the existing Clinical Scales. He then identified major distinctive and maximally demoralization-free components of the ten scales and constructed a set of new scales measuring these components for eight of the scales (not for Scales 5 and 0). Do the RC scales contain the same items as the Clinical Scales? Which items were dropped, were there new items included? Intercorrelations of both sets of scales on several samples are reported in Tables 4-6 through 4-12 of a test monograph by Tellegen, Ben-Porath, McNulty, Arbisi, Graham, & Kaemmer (2003), titled The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Development, Validation, and Interpretation, available from Pearson (Product # 29433).
As expected, the RC Scales are considerably less strongly intercorrelated (considerably more distinctive) than are the Clinical Scales. What are the test-retest reliabilities of the RC Scales? Existing MMPI-2 code-type research findings are not usable with the RC Scales. However, the RC Scales were developed to address more directly than previously the interpretive challenges that led to the development of the code-type interpretation approach. Detailed discussion of this subject is provided in a test monograph by Tellegen, Ben-Porath, McNulty, Arbisi, Graham, & Kaemmer (2003), titled The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Development, Validation, and Interpretation, available from Pearson (Product # 29433), and in the text by Yossef S.
Ben-Porath, Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF (2012), available from the University of Minnesota Press. What is the Demoralization Scale? Although some of the labels are similar, there is relatively limited overlap between the RC Scales and the Content Scales. Among the primary differences between the two sets of scales: several Content Scales are highly saturated with Demoralization (Anxiety, Depression, Low Self- Esteem, Work Interference, and Negative Treatment Indicators), and some Content Scales combine distinctive elements assessed separately by the RC Scales. For example, the Content Scale Anti-social Practices lumps characteristics assessed by RC3 and RC4, and the Content Scale Bizarre Mentation characteristics assessed by RC6 and RC8.
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What Is the difference between Content Scale Cynicism and RC3? The Content Scale Cynicism (CYN) is broader in scope. RC3 focuses exclusively on non-self-referential beliefs in human badness, while CYN also includes self-referential beliefs, which are assessed by RC6. Therefore, the RC Scales allow for a differentiation between negative self-referential and non-self-referential views of others, whereas these two components are not distinguished by the Content Scale CYN. Are the RC Scales useful with non-clinical populations that typically produce within-normal-limits profiles, like personnel/employee testing and child custody evaluations? The RC Scales can also be effective with non-clinical populations.
In some cases, the absence of demoralization in individuals assessed in non-clinical settings results in artifactual lowering of scores on the Clinical Scales. By contrast, because they are less saturated with demoralization, this artifact is less likely to occur with the RC Scales, and existing specific problems (e.g., antisocial behavior) are more likely to be identified. Corey and Ben-Porath (MMPI-2-RF User’s Guide for the Police Candidate Interpretive Report PCIR ) review studies that support and guide use of the RC Scales in pre-employment assessments of police officer candidates. This body of research indicates a need to use lower (than the traditional T score 65) cut-offs in assessments of risk for negative outcomes in police candidates. Table 4-6 includes recommended cut-offs for the RC Scales.
How do the Clinical Scales and the RC Scales differ in how they assess psychopathology? A profile with a well-defined Clinical Scale code type without any elevation on the RC Scales will most likely occur when the K correction adds significant variance to the Clinical Scale scores. The non-K-corrected profile will likely not be elevated. Research indicates that in such cases the non-elevated RC Scales and non-K-corrected Clinical Scales provide a more accurate indication of the test-taker’s functioning.
How do I interpret an elevation on one or more RC Scales in the absence of any elevations on the Clinical Scales? Elevation on an RC Scale in the absence of elevation on its Clinical Scale counterpart is most likely to occur when the absence of demoralization, a low score on K, or few endorsed subtle items artifactually attenuate the score on the Clinical Scale. The elevated score on the RC Scale will provide a more accurate indication of the individual’s functioning and should be incorporated in the interpretation.
Scales Not Offered and Discontinuations. Why were the Wiener-Harmon Subtle-Obvious Subscales removed from the Extended Score Report? The University of Minnesota Press and Pearson discontinued offering the Wiener-Harmon Subtle-Obvious Subscales in all MMPI® products. The subscales were retained in the MMPI-2 instrument to encourage further research in the hope that additional data would answer questions about their utility. It is the opinion of the Press's consultants that data collected subsequent to the publication of the MMPI-2 instrument in 1989 and reported in journal articles, as well as earlier studies, indicate that these subscales should no longer be offered. A majority of surveyed MMPI-2 clinician-researchers expressed the same opinion.
The decision reflects the lack of empirical evidence supporting the validity of the subtle-obvious distinction as implemented in the Subtle-Obvious Subscales. There is no good evidence that the Subtle Subscales indicate psychopathology more validly than the Obvious Subscales when respondents fake bad or good or over- or underreport their psychological difficulties. Lack of supporting evidence and concern about the potential misuse of the Subtle-Obvious Subscales in clinical, forensic, and other applied settings have become compelling reasons for removing these subscales from the list of standard MMPI offerings. Why is the Schlenger PTSD scale (PS) no longer available on the MMPI-2 test? The Minnesota Report: Alcohol and Drug Treatment System has been revised and incorporated into the recently updated Adult Clinical System—Revised, 4th Edition. Look for this newly added setting (setting 8) in The Minnesota Report: Adult Clinical System—Revised, 4th Edition.
With the introduction of this setting in the Adult Clinical System—Revised, 4th Edition, we have discontinued the prior version of The Minnesota Report: Alcohol and Drug Treatment System. Listed below is some important discontinuation information for the users of The Minnesota Report: Alcohol and Drug Treatment System.
With the discontinuation of the Alcohol/Drug Treatment System, what happens to my unused reports? To reprint an Alcohol and Drug Treatment System report, highlight the assessment record and go into Edit. Enter 8 (Alcohol/Drug Treatment) for the clinical setting in the Edit Assessment Record window, then click Save Changes. With the assessment record still highlighted, go into Score and Report. Choose the Adult Clinical System–Revised, 4th Edition report in the Score and Report window, then click Continue. A report usage will not be required or subtracted to reprint this report. Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation Help and Other Information.
What is the Minnesota Report? The Minnesota Report is a computer-based interpretation system for the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A instruments for psychologists. The Minnesota Report is essentially an 'electronic textbook' or resource guide that provides the most likely test interpretations for a particular set of MMPI-2 or MMPI-A scores in a particular setting.
Why are there different settings for the Minnesota Report? Do the reports differ for the various settings? What information is used to develop different personality interpretations? There are setting-specific versions of the Minnesota Report for several reasons:. The nature and goals of a psychological evaluation differ according to the reason for referral. For example, in clinical settings clinical diagnosis and treatment potential are important considerations while these are not goals in personnel or forensic settings. The client is likely to approach the assessment task very differently in each of these settings.
Thus, the assessment of protocol validity differs according to setting. The typical performance on the scales and indices of the MMPI-2/MMPI-A instruments differs somewhat by type of application. Therefore, the base rates of scores vary according to setting.
More specifically, interpretations can be made for MMPI scores if the frequency of typical performance is included in the analysis. For example, in correctional facilities there is a high rate of Pd scale elevations and in medical settings Hs and Hy are more prominent. The reports will vary in terms of information provided, relative performance on the different indices, and research information available for each setting. In addition, different scale-behavioral correlates can be found in different settings. For example, the association between the Pd and Sc scales and aggressive acting-out behavior are more prominent in correctional settings than in medical settings. Can the Minnesota Report computer printout serve as a complete and independent psychological report on a client? No, as noted on each report, the statements contained in the narrative represent a professional-to-professional consultation and do not serve as an independent or 'stand-alone' report.
The statements represent a 'best estimate' or the most likely write-up for a given profile pattern. The information provided in the Report is analogous to an 'electronic textbook.' The narrative report is based on objectively derived scale indices and scale interpretations that have been developed in diverse groups of patients. The computer simply references the extensive research literature on the MMPI-2 scores and indexes, evaluates the particular pattern of scores that a client produces, and locates in the database the most pertinent personality and symptomatic information from the research literature. This MMPI-2 interpretation can serve as a useful source of hypotheses about clients.
Where can I find further information about the Minnesota Report? The User's Guides for the Minnesota Report are available from Pearson. MMPI-2 User's guide. The Minnesota Report: Adult clinical System—Revised, 4th Edition.
Minneapolis, MN: Pearson Assessments. MMPI-2 User's guide. The Minnesota Report: Personnel System—Revised, 3rd Edition.
Minneapolis, MN: Pearson Assessments. Butcher, et al. MMPI-2 User's guide. The Minnesota Report: Reports for Forensic Settings.
Minneapolis, MN: Pearson Assessments. N., & Williams, C. MMPI-A User's guide for The Minnesota Report: Adolescent Interpretive System, Second Edition. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson Assessments. What is the difference between the Depression scale in the Clinical Scales and the Depression scale in the Content Scales? The Depression scale in the Clinical Scales is a heterogeneous measure of depression (it measures more than one facet of depression).
This scale was developed on psychiatric patients with various forms of symptomatic depression. The Depression scale in the Clinical Scales measures discomfort and dissatisfaction with life, characterized by poor morale, lack of hope in the future, denial of happiness and self-worth, withdrawal, psychomotor retardation, and other facets of symptomatic depression. The Depression scale in the Content Scales measures only one facet of depression, self-reported depressive thoughts. What is the difference between the MAC-R scale and the Addiction Potential Scale? The MAC-R scale has 49 items.
The newer Addiction Potential Scale has 39 items. Many of the items on the two scales are different.
MacAndrew developed the MAC-R scale by comparing men in treatment for alcoholism with male psychiatric patients whose primary problem was not alcoholism. However, the MAC-R does not contain content obviously related to alcohol use. High scores are associated with, among other things, social extraverted, risk taking, and aggressive tendencies. The Addiction Potential Scale items concern personality characteristics and life situations more generally associated with substance abuse. Its heterogeneous item content suggests extraverted and risk-taking characteristics as well as self-doubt and cynical attitudes. The Addiction Potential Scale is commonly used in conjunction with the Addiction Admission Scale.
Where can I find information about the content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity of the MMPI-2 instrument? 1=Type P, 2=Type A, 3=Type I, 4=Type N, Type 0=does not fit any typology. See Costello, R. M., Hulsey, T. L., Schoenfeld, L.
S., & Ramamurthy, S. P-A-I-N: A four-cluster MMPI typology for chronic pain. Pain, 30, 199–209. Type P: This appears to be the most pathological of the four types. Most of the scales will be significantly elevated.
Type P patients are usually the least educated and most often unemployed. They have the lowest monthly income compared to the other types. Type P patients make extreme claims about physical, psychological, and social distress. Type A: This type is uniquely characterized by a 'conversion V' on the Hs, D, and Hy scales. Type A does not have any significant demographic correlates. Type I: This type has significant elevations only on scales Hs, D, and Hy. Type I patients seem to have chronic medical histories (i.e., multiple surgeries or hospitalizations).
Type I patients may not improve physically with treatment, but they appear to experience some degree of psychological benefit. Type N: This type has normal-range profiles. The only exception may be an elevated K. Type N patients tend to be more moderate in their health claims. Also, Type N patients tend to be employed, better educated, and more responsive to treatment than other types.
Type 0: A Pain Classification of '0' signifies that the profile did not match any of the typologies. This does not mean that chronic pain is not present. (Please note that if the L scale score is greater than 65T, the program will automatically drop through the P-A-I-N classification and the client will be classified as '0.' ).
Should I use the MMPI-2 instrument in light of the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) and the Civil Rights Act? Pearson cannot offer legal advice and we recommend that you seek the opinion of competent employment counsel to ensure that the most appropriate advice can be provided for your individual circumstances. However, the ADA's apparent impact on the use of the MMPI-2 instrument relates to the timing of the administration.
The MMPI-2 instrument appears to be classified as a medical examination under the ADA, and hence must be administered subsequent to a conditional offer of employment being tendered by an employer. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 ('CRA'), appears to impact the use of the MMPI-2 instrument with respect to the use of norms. Under the CRA it is inappropriate to use either race or sex norms when utilizing tests in the employment domain. Can I still use the administrations I have for the MMPI-2 Extended Score PLUS Report (product code 51439)? No, the MMPI-2 Extended Score PLUS Report (product code 51439) was discontinued and subsequently removed from the software. If you believe you have unused administrations for this report and would like to exchange them for the MMPI-2 Extended Score Report (product code 51438), you will need to return your report counter to Pearson Assessments. Call 800-627-7271 to arrange for a return and exchange.
The Extended Score PLUS Report (51439) was discontinued because it contained information pertaining to the original MMPI test, which was discontinued by the University of Minnesota Press on September 1, 1999. Unused Extended Score PLUS Report (51439) usages will not carry over to your inventory. In addition, you will not be able to order any usages for this report.
The Extended Score PLUS Report (51439) will not appear as a Print Report option. Test data from an MMPI-2 test scored as an Extended Score PLUS Report (51439) will transfer but will not have any report history. You can print an Extended Score Report (51438) from the converted data, but this will require a usage. Where can I find information about the mean profiles that are provided in the Personnel System, 3rd Edition reports?
Scales VRIN and TRIN are hand-scored differently from all other MMPI-2 scales. The four answer keys for these scales are designed to line-up with a special VRIN and TRIN recording grid, rather than with the answer sheet. The test-taker's responses to the 49 VRIN item pairs and the 20 TRIN item pairs must be transferred to the recording grid. The VRIN and TRIN answer keys are placed over the recording grid for scoring.
Complete instructions for hand-scoring these scales are listed on the recording grid. A set of 50 VRIN and TRIN recording grids is packaged with every set of 50 Validity and Clinical Scales profile forms.
If you are missing recording grids, please call us to request a replacement set of VRIN and TRIN recording grids at no charge. More Information on the Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales Pricing & Ordering.
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Description The book is a comprehensive overview of the MMPI-2 and its interpretation. In a single source, the book provides an introduction to basic issues in the development and administration of the MMPI as well as a step-by-step procedure for interpreting the test.
Additionally, the author discusses the use of the MMPI-2 with special groups and reviews the use and interpretation of critical items, special scales, and short forms. Summaries of empirical research are included in each chapter to illustrate the bases for interpretations. Written by a nationally-recognized authority in the field of assessment who has no vested interest in the MMPI-2 or MMPI-2-RF. Table of Contents Section I Overview Chapter 1 Evolution of the MMPI Chapter 2 Administrative Issues Chapter 3 Assessing Validity Section II Empirical Approaches to Interpretation Chapter 4 Clinical Scales Chapter 5 Codetypes Section III Content Approaches to Interpretation Chapter 6 Content Scales Chapter 7 Supplementary Scales Chapter 8 Restructured Form (RF) Section IV The Interpretive Process Chapter 9 Conceptual Framework Chapter 10 MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF Interpretation Section V Demographic Variables Chapter 11 Demographic Variables Chapter 12 Adolescents and Aged.
About the Author(s) Roger L. Greene is a Professor and Associate Director of Clinical Training at Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University in Palo Alto CA.
Greene has worked in a variety of clinical settings and with different types of patients in his clinical career. He has written a number of texts and articles on the use of the MMPI-2 both clinically and forensically. His books on the MMPI and MMPI-2 have been among the standard references for three decades. Greene recently received the Bruno Klopfer award from the Society of Personality Assessment for outstanding, long-term professional contribution to the field of personality assessment.
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